Clinical Symptoms Of Wilson’s Disease
Published on May 26 2010, in the categories: Symptoms Of Wilson's Disease
Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the body. It is also known as hepatolenticulary degeneration. Copper plays an important role in the harmonious development of nerves, bones, collagen and melanin. Normally, copper is absorbed from food, and excess is excreted through bile - substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
When gall bladder evacuates its contents into the duodenum (first portion of small intestine), copper content in the ball crosses the gut with food digestion. In healthy people, copper is then discharged from the body through the stool. In Wilson disease, copper does not pass the ball, but accumulate in the liver. As the level of copper in the liver increases, affected organ begins to allow its passage into the bloodstream. Copper is then stored in the body, especially the kidneys, brain and nervous system and eyes. Wilson's disease affects about 1 in 30,000 to 100,000 people. Around one in 90 people is a carrier of Wilson's disease gene. Clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease are fatal if not diagnosed and treated in time.
-Causes: When you eat foods rich in copper (e.g.: liver, shellfish, peanuts, avocado, mushrooms), it is absorbed in the small intestine, reach the circulation where it binds to proteins and transported to the liver. The amount of copper used by the body is eliminated through the bile, a substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats.
In Wilson disease, a genetic mutation of chromosome 13 affects ATP7B gene, which interferes with transport of copper into bile. Gene is also involved in incorporating copper into ceruloplasmin, the protein that carries mineral by the bloodstream.
ATP7B gene lead to impaired improper disposal of copper, which accumulates in the liver, which can cause serious and sometimes irreversible damage. With excess copper during the "flows”, it begins to accumulate in other organs, especially in brain, eyes, kidneys and joints. Although some ATP7B gene mutations occur spontaneously, most are transmitted from one generation to another. Wilson's disease is inherited as an autonomic recessive character, which means to develop the disease; the child must inherit two copies of the gene affectionate, one of the parent cation. If you receive only one copy of the abnormal gene you will not develop the disease but can transmit the gene becomes a carrier and its children.
-Risk factors for clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease:
If both parents are carriers of a defective gene copies, it shows a 25% chance of having a child with two normal genes, 50% have a child carrier of the gene (A single copy of the defective gene and one normal copy), and a 25% chance of having a child with two faulty genes will develop the disease. These opportunities remain unchanged for each task. For this reason experts recommend that all children and all relatives of people with Wilson's disease to be tested to determine the disease.
When gall bladder evacuates its contents into the duodenum (first portion of small intestine), copper content in the ball crosses the gut with food digestion. In healthy people, copper is then discharged from the body through the stool. In Wilson disease, copper does not pass the ball, but accumulate in the liver. As the level of copper in the liver increases, affected organ begins to allow its passage into the bloodstream. Copper is then stored in the body, especially the kidneys, brain and nervous system and eyes. Wilson's disease affects about 1 in 30,000 to 100,000 people. Around one in 90 people is a carrier of Wilson's disease gene. Clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease are fatal if not diagnosed and treated in time.
-Causes: When you eat foods rich in copper (e.g.: liver, shellfish, peanuts, avocado, mushrooms), it is absorbed in the small intestine, reach the circulation where it binds to proteins and transported to the liver. The amount of copper used by the body is eliminated through the bile, a substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats.
In Wilson disease, a genetic mutation of chromosome 13 affects ATP7B gene, which interferes with transport of copper into bile. Gene is also involved in incorporating copper into ceruloplasmin, the protein that carries mineral by the bloodstream.
ATP7B gene lead to impaired improper disposal of copper, which accumulates in the liver, which can cause serious and sometimes irreversible damage. With excess copper during the "flows”, it begins to accumulate in other organs, especially in brain, eyes, kidneys and joints. Although some ATP7B gene mutations occur spontaneously, most are transmitted from one generation to another. Wilson's disease is inherited as an autonomic recessive character, which means to develop the disease; the child must inherit two copies of the gene affectionate, one of the parent cation. If you receive only one copy of the abnormal gene you will not develop the disease but can transmit the gene becomes a carrier and its children.
-Risk factors for clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease:
If both parents are carriers of a defective gene copies, it shows a 25% chance of having a child with two normal genes, 50% have a child carrier of the gene (A single copy of the defective gene and one normal copy), and a 25% chance of having a child with two faulty genes will develop the disease. These opportunities remain unchanged for each task. For this reason experts recommend that all children and all relatives of people with Wilson's disease to be tested to determine the disease.
Clinical Symptoms Of Wilson’s Disease
Published on May 26 2010, in the categories: Symptoms Of Wilson's Disease
Between all the clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease described in the anterior lines, there are many other signs. In the following lines, I'll try to explain all of them:
Skeletal bone damage:
• osteoporosis, osteomalacia, condrocalcinose;
• osteoarthritis, joint hiperlaxitation.
Eye damage:
• Kayser-Fleischer ring this: a brown or green ring at the edge of corneal languages;
• cataract in the sun-flower bright and colorful, visible only with slit lamp;
• Exotropic strabismus, optical neural;
• Night blindness.
Other common clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease are greenish nail color, arthropathy, and anemia.
Liver damage is common initial manifestation in children. Approximately 40-50% of patients present liver disease, psychiatric and neurological symptoms and signs.
-Diagnosis of Wilson's disease:
Laboratory studies in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease:
• Low level of serum copper (normal 80-168 mcg / dl);
• Low level of serum ceruloplasmin <20mg/dL (normal 20-60 mcg / dl);
• ceruloplasmin levels may be normal in women who have oral contraceptives and during pregnancy, can be dropped in aceruloplasmin, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease;
• increased urinary copper levels> 100mcg/24 hours (normal hours 10-80mcg/24);
• hypercalciuria and Fanconi syndrome with tubular acidosis secondary and / or to impaired renal aminoaciduria ;
• hyperparathyroidism;
• hemolytic anemia with negative Coombs test;
• abnormal transaminase levels.
-Imaging studies in diagnosing Wilson's disease:
-Radiology or absorptiometry (DEXA) indicates osteoporoses
-Computed tomography brain shows cerebral atrophy and hipoatenuation of putamen.
-MRI shows brain copper accumulation in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellar nucleus, needle and white matter, with cortical atrophy, enlargement of ventricles.
-Echography transcranial highlights hiperecogenitation of lenticular nucleus and asymptomatic patients are more sensitive than MRI.
Other procedures used are Tc99 scan and NMR spectroscopy:
-Liver biopsy shows liver copper deposits increased by spectroscopic measurements, marking with histochemical rhodanina.
-Genetic analysis of ATP7B gene identification.
-Ophthalmic examination at the slit lamp for cataract evident in flower sun and Kayser-Fleisher ring.
-Histopathology shows brain tissue: Hollow degeneration, gliosis, copper deposits in the basal ganglia, Opalski cells, neuronal loss, liver tissue: diffuse accumulation of copper in the cytoplasm, macro and microsteatoza, glycogen nuclei, periportal inflammation, mononuclear infiltrates, lobular necrosis fibrosis and Mallory bodies in the deck. Installs late cirrhosis with regenerative nodules of different sizes.
Wilson disease treatment:
Drug treatment of Wilson's disease is based on metal chelating agents. D-penicillamine binds copper and form soluble complexes which are excreted in urine. This may cause reversible neurological signs, Kayser-Fleischer ring and cataract. Improve psychiatric symptoms, aminoaciduria, peptiduria and liver disease.
Adverse effects of D-penicillamine are allergic reactions, pruritus, headache, nausea and impaired lymphatic. Sometimes, hardware failure occurs. In these cases, treatment will be restarted with a low dose which will gradually higher thereafter.
Other side effects include: pemphigus, lipoid syndrome, bone marrow inhibition, delayed wound healing and teratogenicity. For pregnant women are contraindicated because of teratogenic effects for penicillamine-congenital malformations.
Metalothionine zinc acetate induces synthesis of intestinal cells, a substance which has a high affinity for copper and prevents its absorption. Copper is excreted in the stool with intestinal cells degenerate. Zinc acetate may be given pregnant.
Trientina binds copper and increases its urinary excretion.
Skeletal bone damage:
• osteoporosis, osteomalacia, condrocalcinose;
• osteoarthritis, joint hiperlaxitation.
Eye damage:
• Kayser-Fleischer ring this: a brown or green ring at the edge of corneal languages;
• cataract in the sun-flower bright and colorful, visible only with slit lamp;
• Exotropic strabismus, optical neural;
• Night blindness.
Other common clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease are greenish nail color, arthropathy, and anemia.
Liver damage is common initial manifestation in children. Approximately 40-50% of patients present liver disease, psychiatric and neurological symptoms and signs.
-Diagnosis of Wilson's disease:
Laboratory studies in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease:
• Low level of serum copper (normal 80-168 mcg / dl);
• Low level of serum ceruloplasmin <20mg/dL (normal 20-60 mcg / dl);
• ceruloplasmin levels may be normal in women who have oral contraceptives and during pregnancy, can be dropped in aceruloplasmin, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease;
• increased urinary copper levels> 100mcg/24 hours (normal hours 10-80mcg/24);
• hypercalciuria and Fanconi syndrome with tubular acidosis secondary and / or to impaired renal aminoaciduria ;
• hyperparathyroidism;
• hemolytic anemia with negative Coombs test;
• abnormal transaminase levels.
-Imaging studies in diagnosing Wilson's disease:
-Radiology or absorptiometry (DEXA) indicates osteoporoses
-Computed tomography brain shows cerebral atrophy and hipoatenuation of putamen.
-MRI shows brain copper accumulation in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellar nucleus, needle and white matter, with cortical atrophy, enlargement of ventricles.
-Echography transcranial highlights hiperecogenitation of lenticular nucleus and asymptomatic patients are more sensitive than MRI.
Other procedures used are Tc99 scan and NMR spectroscopy:
-Liver biopsy shows liver copper deposits increased by spectroscopic measurements, marking with histochemical rhodanina.
-Genetic analysis of ATP7B gene identification.
-Ophthalmic examination at the slit lamp for cataract evident in flower sun and Kayser-Fleisher ring.
-Histopathology shows brain tissue: Hollow degeneration, gliosis, copper deposits in the basal ganglia, Opalski cells, neuronal loss, liver tissue: diffuse accumulation of copper in the cytoplasm, macro and microsteatoza, glycogen nuclei, periportal inflammation, mononuclear infiltrates, lobular necrosis fibrosis and Mallory bodies in the deck. Installs late cirrhosis with regenerative nodules of different sizes.
Wilson disease treatment:
Drug treatment of Wilson's disease is based on metal chelating agents. D-penicillamine binds copper and form soluble complexes which are excreted in urine. This may cause reversible neurological signs, Kayser-Fleischer ring and cataract. Improve psychiatric symptoms, aminoaciduria, peptiduria and liver disease.
Adverse effects of D-penicillamine are allergic reactions, pruritus, headache, nausea and impaired lymphatic. Sometimes, hardware failure occurs. In these cases, treatment will be restarted with a low dose which will gradually higher thereafter.
Other side effects include: pemphigus, lipoid syndrome, bone marrow inhibition, delayed wound healing and teratogenicity. For pregnant women are contraindicated because of teratogenic effects for penicillamine-congenital malformations.
Metalothionine zinc acetate induces synthesis of intestinal cells, a substance which has a high affinity for copper and prevents its absorption. Copper is excreted in the stool with intestinal cells degenerate. Zinc acetate may be given pregnant.
Trientina binds copper and increases its urinary excretion.
Clinical Symptoms Of Wilson’s Disease
Published on May 26 2010, in the categories: Symptoms Of Wilson's Disease
In this article, I'd like to talk about Wilson's disease but also about clinical symptoms of Wilson disease. Wilson's disease is a neuro-degenerative disorder of copper metabolism. In 1912, Wilson first described as a family disease which associates neurological symptoms and cirrhosis. Wilson's disease involves loss of liver ability to remove copper by bile and its incorporation into cerulo-plasmin liver-transporter protein. As a result, copper accumulates in liver, brain, kidneys and corneas.
The disease mostly affects young patients, aged between eight and 20 years. Any person with liver disease medically unexplained recurrent neurological symptoms require investigation for Wilson's disease. Liver damage may have four manifestations: acute hepatitis, chronic acute hepatitis, fulminated hepatitis and cirrhosis. Repeated episodes of hepatitis may occur along the several years before the onset of neurological signs.
In final stage, all patients will develop cirrhosis. Fulminated hepatic damage can lead to sudden release of copper in the blood by installing hemolytic anemia, a serious condition of life if it’s not corrected promptly. Neurological manifestations may occur without liver disease and is presented in a variety of signs and symptoms, including: tremor, spasticity, rigidity or core. Once diagnosed, a treatment should be initiated immediately, even if the patient is asymptomatic. Penicillamine is the drug of choice.
-Pathogenesis and causes of Wilson disease: Wilson's disease is caused by pathological accumulation of copper in the body. Copper in the diet normally is filtered by the liver and eliminated in bile and then eliminated through the digestive tract of organisms. Sick people can not remove copper due to inherited mutations of ATP7B gene. When the storage capacity of copper is exceeded in the liver and liver necrosis occurs copper is released into the bloodstream and reach other organs susceptible to capture him: brains, kidneys and corneas.
ATP7B gene encodes a protein synthesis with the same name which favors transport copper to the liver where it is incorporated into ceruloplasmin. 95% of copper bound to ceruloplasmin serum. Serum ceruloplasmin levels in Wilson's disease is low, not by affecting synthesis apoceruloplasmin by copper, but the life of apoceruloplasmin decrease from 4-5 days to 4-5 hours in the absence of copper.
Wilson's disease is an autonomic recessive disease transmitted from genitals.
-Signs and clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease:
Wilson's disease first attacks the liver and central nervous system. Copper accumulation in hepatocytes cause acute hepatitis, chronic acute hepatitis, cirrhosis or fulminated hepatitis.
Clinical manifestations of liver damage include:
• hepatomegaly, splenomegaly;
• jaundice, ascites, peripheral edema, fatigue;
• tendency to prolonged bleeding and bruising (bruises).
Neurological signs include:
• Parkinson symptoms, rigidity, and bradykinesia;
• dysarthria, tremor at rest or activity, facial dystonia;
• disdiadocokinezia, shaky writing, inordinate, abnormal eye movements;
• Respiratory dyskinesia unusual cough;
• polyneuropathy.
Psychiatric signs:
• hyperkinetic behavior, irritability or anger;
• emotional lability, psychosis, anger, difficulty concentrating;
• abnormal behavior, personality changes, depression, schizophrenia.
The disease mostly affects young patients, aged between eight and 20 years. Any person with liver disease medically unexplained recurrent neurological symptoms require investigation for Wilson's disease. Liver damage may have four manifestations: acute hepatitis, chronic acute hepatitis, fulminated hepatitis and cirrhosis. Repeated episodes of hepatitis may occur along the several years before the onset of neurological signs.
In final stage, all patients will develop cirrhosis. Fulminated hepatic damage can lead to sudden release of copper in the blood by installing hemolytic anemia, a serious condition of life if it’s not corrected promptly. Neurological manifestations may occur without liver disease and is presented in a variety of signs and symptoms, including: tremor, spasticity, rigidity or core. Once diagnosed, a treatment should be initiated immediately, even if the patient is asymptomatic. Penicillamine is the drug of choice.
-Pathogenesis and causes of Wilson disease: Wilson's disease is caused by pathological accumulation of copper in the body. Copper in the diet normally is filtered by the liver and eliminated in bile and then eliminated through the digestive tract of organisms. Sick people can not remove copper due to inherited mutations of ATP7B gene. When the storage capacity of copper is exceeded in the liver and liver necrosis occurs copper is released into the bloodstream and reach other organs susceptible to capture him: brains, kidneys and corneas.
ATP7B gene encodes a protein synthesis with the same name which favors transport copper to the liver where it is incorporated into ceruloplasmin. 95% of copper bound to ceruloplasmin serum. Serum ceruloplasmin levels in Wilson's disease is low, not by affecting synthesis apoceruloplasmin by copper, but the life of apoceruloplasmin decrease from 4-5 days to 4-5 hours in the absence of copper.
Wilson's disease is an autonomic recessive disease transmitted from genitals.
-Signs and clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease:
Wilson's disease first attacks the liver and central nervous system. Copper accumulation in hepatocytes cause acute hepatitis, chronic acute hepatitis, cirrhosis or fulminated hepatitis.
Clinical manifestations of liver damage include:
• hepatomegaly, splenomegaly;
• jaundice, ascites, peripheral edema, fatigue;
• tendency to prolonged bleeding and bruising (bruises).
Neurological signs include:
• Parkinson symptoms, rigidity, and bradykinesia;
• dysarthria, tremor at rest or activity, facial dystonia;
• disdiadocokinezia, shaky writing, inordinate, abnormal eye movements;
• Respiratory dyskinesia unusual cough;
• polyneuropathy.
Psychiatric signs:
• hyperkinetic behavior, irritability or anger;
• emotional lability, psychosis, anger, difficulty concentrating;
• abnormal behavior, personality changes, depression, schizophrenia.
Symptoms Of Cat Scratch Disease
Published on May 26 2010, in the categories: cat disease symptoms
In the last part of my article about symptoms of cat scratch disease, I'd like to offer you some solutions to tame your cat, or better said, some simple manners of calming your cat. There are many reasons for why somehow it happens that your cat is angry and become aggressive with her "mother", from here are resulting the scratch, the bites, even their "spit", and this is how you get infected and you must analyze your symptoms of cat scratch disease.
Personally, I do not have a house pet but, if I had a cat I would let her calm down for sure, or I'd tame her offering her a piece of meat. If you didn't know, find out that cats are becoming mildest if you feed them meat. Do not ever think that you can trick your cat with a piece of chocolate. This it's a big mistake because cats don't feel the sweet taste. But, now let me share with you some simple solutions for calming your cat when she's angry.
-You should not run immediately next to the cat, but have ceased to touch withdrawing your hands in the corner and claw her way. It is preferred to let a single period, to reassure.
-If your cat is castrated, it can escape the violence leading her to a veterinarian to be sterilized; this operation is particularly recommended for cats that live only in the house / apartment. It is controlled and urban overcrowding problem with kittens, which are usually abandoned on the streets.
-Do not ever punish your cat for her violent behavior, because you scare her more, and it may become more aggressive.
If your cat is or becomes extremely violent, go to a vet with it - it gives you the best advice for taming your cat. There is little possibility for your cat to get a medication prescribed specifically for such cases.
-Bites or cat scratches must be treated very carefully, it seems that about 80% of them become inflamed and infected. As the wound bleeds, more chances are that agents that cause infections will be eliminated from the body. But many cat bites leave small traces of dots, which are deep although they do not cause bleeding injuries - these are the most exposed ones to infection.
-The first thing to do is to clean the wound as thoroughly as possible, as quickly as possible with soap and hot water, ideally an antibacterial soap, which is indicated after disinfection with hydrogen peroxide or other disinfectant.
-If you get bitten by a cat on the street or from an animal shelter, you'd better go to hospital to receive any special care for such cases. That cat may be ill and, by getting bitten by her, she can transmit to you some kind of disease. Usually, antibiotics are given.
Symptoms Of Cat Scratch Disease
Published on May 24 2010, in the categories: cat disease symptoms
If in the last article, I've talked about symptoms of cat scratch disease, about treatment, antibiotics and skin lesions, now it's time to find out what's the reason for why a cat acts aggressive even that she's our favorite house pet. The reasons are many and better find them out in order to prevent cat bite or scratch disease and also to know how to cure your symptoms of cat scratch disease. How to tame your cat it's also a major problem. Better read the following lines and find the solution for a tranquilly relationship with your cat.
-Aggression caused by pain - this type of aggression is perhaps most easily understood by humans. If a cat is injured, it is normal to be confused and try to attack everyone around her. Such situations often occur during visits to the vet when the cat can not understand it for the good of them to bear some painful procedures to a certain extent, trying to defend well as pain. It should also be kept in mind that due to sensitive skin of the cat, it can be injured easily during fur brushing sessions.
-Aggression caused by excessive comfort - is a case common, but it is difficult to explain why some cats are more sensitive than others comforted and caressed. Causes may be: too early socialization with people or genetic predisposition. Thus, it seems that these cats are very nervous and feel insecure if they are comforted too much or not. Reactions vary greatly from one cat to another and only experience and time spent with your pets can lead to finding a convenient both for humans and cats.
-Aggression due to illness - Cats can become aggressive due to medical problems. There are some cat diseases, including rabies and toxoplasmosis and that cause’s aggressive behavior. Therefore, if you see repeated acts of violence (no apparent reason), it is advisable to get the cat to the doctor as soon as possible, to control and to detect medical causes that determine this behavior, if any. Most dangerous of cat diseases is rabies, which can be transmitted to humans and is deadly.
Often, people are injured (in a certain extent) the sharp teeth or claws of cats during play sessions - this behavior is natural and should not be confused with one aggressive, characterized by violence, apparently unfounded.
-What should we do when we are attacked by a cat?
Above all, we must resist the temptation to withdraw his hands abruptly, as will be stronger cup. Gently, be immobilized cat open mouth and slightly withdrawn hand, if claw is lightly on cushions for easy movement control paws. All the time, be easily and calmly talked with the cat - in any case must not scream, because you’ll scare her even worst.
-Aggression caused by pain - this type of aggression is perhaps most easily understood by humans. If a cat is injured, it is normal to be confused and try to attack everyone around her. Such situations often occur during visits to the vet when the cat can not understand it for the good of them to bear some painful procedures to a certain extent, trying to defend well as pain. It should also be kept in mind that due to sensitive skin of the cat, it can be injured easily during fur brushing sessions.
-Aggression caused by excessive comfort - is a case common, but it is difficult to explain why some cats are more sensitive than others comforted and caressed. Causes may be: too early socialization with people or genetic predisposition. Thus, it seems that these cats are very nervous and feel insecure if they are comforted too much or not. Reactions vary greatly from one cat to another and only experience and time spent with your pets can lead to finding a convenient both for humans and cats.
-Aggression due to illness - Cats can become aggressive due to medical problems. There are some cat diseases, including rabies and toxoplasmosis and that cause’s aggressive behavior. Therefore, if you see repeated acts of violence (no apparent reason), it is advisable to get the cat to the doctor as soon as possible, to control and to detect medical causes that determine this behavior, if any. Most dangerous of cat diseases is rabies, which can be transmitted to humans and is deadly.
Often, people are injured (in a certain extent) the sharp teeth or claws of cats during play sessions - this behavior is natural and should not be confused with one aggressive, characterized by violence, apparently unfounded.
-What should we do when we are attacked by a cat?
Above all, we must resist the temptation to withdraw his hands abruptly, as will be stronger cup. Gently, be immobilized cat open mouth and slightly withdrawn hand, if claw is lightly on cushions for easy movement control paws. All the time, be easily and calmly talked with the cat - in any case must not scream, because you’ll scare her even worst.
Symptoms Of Cat Scratch Disease
Published on May 24 2010, in the categories: cat disease symptoms
-Treatment for symptoms of cat scratch disease:
In most cases, cat scratch disease is a self-limiting infectious disease. However, generalized adenopathy and systemic symptoms intensity, can lead to permanent sequelae. Encephalitis cases will require sustained antibiotic. Studies of treatment with various chemotherapeutic agents are still poorly documented. It seems that treatment with gentamicin (aminoglycoside) intravenously administered in standard doses is effective against systemic infections and encephalitis.Most indication of oral antibiotics, used to treat bacillary angiomatosy skin can be used in the treatment of symptoms of cat scratch disease: ciprofloxacin, doxicilina, erythromycin (same dose as recommended for tuberculosis angiomatose). Duration of treatment varies depending on clinical response obtained. Helpful advice for those who have cats:
For having a better understanding upon the cat around us and to live in harmony with it, it is important to understand the different types of cat aggression and know the signals sent to us when the cat become irritable.
-Even if a cat sometimes attack humans may seem unduly, there are some signs that we can prevent the state of cat’s nervousness: mouth wide open in order to emphasize sharp teeth, big attentive eyes with pupils dilated, ears data back, body and tail arched high over the entire body hair, often these signs are accompanied by some specific sounds out of cat nerve, which agitated meows and even "spit" in her characteristic style.
-When cats are frightened, it automatically activate a defense mechanism, defensive or offensive, depending on the temperament of each cat. Most prefer to pull in front of danger, but if they feel cornered or if they did not see where to run, then there is the possibility to attack. If there is no way out, even the cats would attack shy or withdrawn.
-Aggression caused by fear is easily identifiable by humans; it is recognized reason for this fear. Sometimes the cause is not obvious. Shy cats may be afraid of different sounds or sudden movements, while others may have gone through some traumatic experiences in the past. Also, aggression caused by fear is a natural reaction to the cat that was punished, especially physically. Cats do not shoot any of the teachings of successful education methods that give dogs or children - instead of changing their behavior as they would like the man, the cat will get scared and it will react violently.
-Redirected aggression - there are cases in which cats are unable to manifest the object or being that challenge these violent feelings and their anger spills over to the nearest whole beings around them. For example, if a cat sits outside the window and see a bird, one dog or another cat that can not be reached, becomes agitated and being locked inside, not a natural act to remove the alleged threat. If the cat is touched or comforted in that moment delicately pours all her aggression on humans, giving the impression of an unjustified attack.
In most cases, cat scratch disease is a self-limiting infectious disease. However, generalized adenopathy and systemic symptoms intensity, can lead to permanent sequelae. Encephalitis cases will require sustained antibiotic. Studies of treatment with various chemotherapeutic agents are still poorly documented. It seems that treatment with gentamicin (aminoglycoside) intravenously administered in standard doses is effective against systemic infections and encephalitis.Most indication of oral antibiotics, used to treat bacillary angiomatosy skin can be used in the treatment of symptoms of cat scratch disease: ciprofloxacin, doxicilina, erythromycin (same dose as recommended for tuberculosis angiomatose). Duration of treatment varies depending on clinical response obtained. Helpful advice for those who have cats:
For having a better understanding upon the cat around us and to live in harmony with it, it is important to understand the different types of cat aggression and know the signals sent to us when the cat become irritable.
-Even if a cat sometimes attack humans may seem unduly, there are some signs that we can prevent the state of cat’s nervousness: mouth wide open in order to emphasize sharp teeth, big attentive eyes with pupils dilated, ears data back, body and tail arched high over the entire body hair, often these signs are accompanied by some specific sounds out of cat nerve, which agitated meows and even "spit" in her characteristic style.
-When cats are frightened, it automatically activate a defense mechanism, defensive or offensive, depending on the temperament of each cat. Most prefer to pull in front of danger, but if they feel cornered or if they did not see where to run, then there is the possibility to attack. If there is no way out, even the cats would attack shy or withdrawn.
-Aggression caused by fear is easily identifiable by humans; it is recognized reason for this fear. Sometimes the cause is not obvious. Shy cats may be afraid of different sounds or sudden movements, while others may have gone through some traumatic experiences in the past. Also, aggression caused by fear is a natural reaction to the cat that was punished, especially physically. Cats do not shoot any of the teachings of successful education methods that give dogs or children - instead of changing their behavior as they would like the man, the cat will get scared and it will react violently.
-Redirected aggression - there are cases in which cats are unable to manifest the object or being that challenge these violent feelings and their anger spills over to the nearest whole beings around them. For example, if a cat sits outside the window and see a bird, one dog or another cat that can not be reached, becomes agitated and being locked inside, not a natural act to remove the alleged threat. If the cat is touched or comforted in that moment delicately pours all her aggression on humans, giving the impression of an unjustified attack.
Symptoms Of Cat Scratch Disease
Published on May 22 2010, in the categories: symptoms
Cat scratch disease is an infectious disease, which came after a cat scratch (which caused a skin lesion), manifested by painful regional lymphadenopathy and persistent (may persist for weeks or months). If the infection disseminates, the patient will present generalized adenopathy, often confused with leukemia disease situation. The symptoms of cat scratch disease is initiated by inoculation of B. henselae bacilli. Since cat is not a natural reservoir for pathogenic species B. quitana, there is clear evidence of the involvement of bacteria in the development of cat scratch disease.
More than half of cases of disease occur in childhood. Risk of infection increases significantly when children are exposed to contact with cats shows asymptomatic bacterium, or are infested with fleas. Usually, bacteria are inoculated through a wound caused by broken, and in rare cases the bite or saliva of cats. Disease incidence increased dramatically in the warm months of the year when fleas develop an intense activity of parasite. Flea plays a significant role in pathogen transmission from a sick to a healthy cat. There is insufficient evidence attesting to human host disease transmitted through flea bites.
-Clinical symptoms of cat scratch disease
Average incubation period of the disease is more than five days. Scratch at the patient shows a popular lesion that later will turn into a pustule (vesicular lesions filled with pus), covered with scabs. At 7 days after pathogen inoculation, regional lymph nodes will be large in volume and become sensitive to touch. After a week of evolving, papulous may resolve spontaneously.
Frequently, solutions of continuity (wounds) caused by scratch it locates the upper limbs and face. The patient may develop simultaneously, a new bacterial infection with staphylococci and other skin pathogens. Regional lymph nodes can increase the discharge volume. Usually the patient has fever, but may present variable systemic symptoms: weight loss, anorexia (lack of appetite) and malaise. If a treatment will be set up quickly, adenopathy can persist for several months and can be confused with adenopathy in leukemia (lymphatic malignant diseases).
Other events occurring in immune-competent patients: encephalitis, convulsions, coma (especially in children), meningitis, myelitis, hepatitis, osteomyelitis and septicemia. If the pathogen is inoculated by conjunctive, the individual will present painful conjunctivitis and preauricular adenopathy.
-Pathology
On anatomic-pathologic examination, the affected tissue will present lesions characteristic of granulomatous inflammation accompanied by necrosis starry. Angiogenesis lesions are absent. Thus, depending on the host's immune status, bacillus B. henselae, infectious diseases can cause two distinct cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosy skin.
-Diagnosis
Cat scratch disease may be suspected when a patient tells the recent history of contact with a potentially sick cat, skin lesions (scratches upper limbs and the face), and adenopathy sensitive to touch, will strengthen the clinical suspicion. Positive diagnosis is confirmed by results of histopathological examination of regional lymph nodes increase the volume. Warthin-Starry stain allows the observation of unit’s pathogen on the optical microscope. Serological tests used to identify antibodies have a sensitivity of 80%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can identify the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of the species B. henselae. It had tried making crops using biological material from the affected nodes, spinal cerebrospinal fluid or other tissues, but they rarely were positive for B. henselae.
More than half of cases of disease occur in childhood. Risk of infection increases significantly when children are exposed to contact with cats shows asymptomatic bacterium, or are infested with fleas. Usually, bacteria are inoculated through a wound caused by broken, and in rare cases the bite or saliva of cats. Disease incidence increased dramatically in the warm months of the year when fleas develop an intense activity of parasite. Flea plays a significant role in pathogen transmission from a sick to a healthy cat. There is insufficient evidence attesting to human host disease transmitted through flea bites.
-Clinical symptoms of cat scratch disease
Average incubation period of the disease is more than five days. Scratch at the patient shows a popular lesion that later will turn into a pustule (vesicular lesions filled with pus), covered with scabs. At 7 days after pathogen inoculation, regional lymph nodes will be large in volume and become sensitive to touch. After a week of evolving, papulous may resolve spontaneously.
Frequently, solutions of continuity (wounds) caused by scratch it locates the upper limbs and face. The patient may develop simultaneously, a new bacterial infection with staphylococci and other skin pathogens. Regional lymph nodes can increase the discharge volume. Usually the patient has fever, but may present variable systemic symptoms: weight loss, anorexia (lack of appetite) and malaise. If a treatment will be set up quickly, adenopathy can persist for several months and can be confused with adenopathy in leukemia (lymphatic malignant diseases).
Other events occurring in immune-competent patients: encephalitis, convulsions, coma (especially in children), meningitis, myelitis, hepatitis, osteomyelitis and septicemia. If the pathogen is inoculated by conjunctive, the individual will present painful conjunctivitis and preauricular adenopathy.
-Pathology
On anatomic-pathologic examination, the affected tissue will present lesions characteristic of granulomatous inflammation accompanied by necrosis starry. Angiogenesis lesions are absent. Thus, depending on the host's immune status, bacillus B. henselae, infectious diseases can cause two distinct cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosy skin.
-Diagnosis
Cat scratch disease may be suspected when a patient tells the recent history of contact with a potentially sick cat, skin lesions (scratches upper limbs and the face), and adenopathy sensitive to touch, will strengthen the clinical suspicion. Positive diagnosis is confirmed by results of histopathological examination of regional lymph nodes increase the volume. Warthin-Starry stain allows the observation of unit’s pathogen on the optical microscope. Serological tests used to identify antibodies have a sensitivity of 80%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can identify the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of the species B. henselae. It had tried making crops using biological material from the affected nodes, spinal cerebrospinal fluid or other tissues, but they rarely were positive for B. henselae.
Symptoms Of Cat Scratch Disease
Published on May 22 2010, in the categories: symptoms
Cat scratch disease is a clinical entity transmitted to humans through inoculation (scratches, stings, and bites) and characterized by skin lesions of primary inoculation site, accompanied by fever and regional adena. Etiology of this disease is still unknown, although it is believed to be caused by a microorganism belonging to the Chlamydia group, but know that it is transmitted through various contacts with infected cat. This disease is ubiquitous, yet rarely diagnosed, although most cases occur in small epidemics family (children and teenagers being the most exposed) mainly in autumn and winter.
Instead of inoculation by a cat scratch or sting occurs after 7-14 days of incubation, a red swelling, itching, which is 48 hours into a vesicle, pustule and then in 90% of cases. Soon, it is broken, leaving a small crust which eliminates a few days, but even if the primary effect is very small or absent, it is possible that, after another few days to produce swollen lymph nodes in the region injured, resulting a manifest adenopathy in 20-25% of cases, fever (38-39 degrees C), chills, headache, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting, accompanied by skin eruptions. Fortunately, such complications are rare, the symptoms of cat scratch disease having generally a benign, but they must avoid the appearance, logically, avoiding contact with infected cats.
Most of the infections caused by cat bites are due to pathogen P. multocida, Gram-negative bacteria, the smallest, which normally colonize oropharyngeal house cats.
Generating bacteria infections occurring through cat bites, is generally mixed. A number of pathogens inoculated via cat bites are similar to those that cause infections if dog bites. Risk of infection increases considerably when the affected individual has a background that lead to pathology of the body’s depressing regarding the immune system.
Pasteurella species pathogen inoculation will lead to an outbreak inflammatory progressing rapidly (within a few hours), generating signs of severe inflammation (local pain, redness, swelling the area) and abundant purulent secretions. Pasteurella species spread pathogens from an animal carrier with aerosol drops can cause bacterium or pneumonia, human host.
Through the bite of cat, rabies or tetanus can be transmitted. Bartonella henselae bacteria inoculation will generate late appearance of "cat scratch” disease. Also, tularemia can occur after cat bites, being a symptom of cat scratch disease.
Instead of inoculation by a cat scratch or sting occurs after 7-14 days of incubation, a red swelling, itching, which is 48 hours into a vesicle, pustule and then in 90% of cases. Soon, it is broken, leaving a small crust which eliminates a few days, but even if the primary effect is very small or absent, it is possible that, after another few days to produce swollen lymph nodes in the region injured, resulting a manifest adenopathy in 20-25% of cases, fever (38-39 degrees C), chills, headache, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting, accompanied by skin eruptions. Fortunately, such complications are rare, the symptoms of cat scratch disease having generally a benign, but they must avoid the appearance, logically, avoiding contact with infected cats.
Also, other problem regarding animals, it’s their bites. Cat bites are much rarer than dog bites, but very dangerous, because half of the cases recorded have led to serious and very serious infections. Poured cat teeth are very sharp, deep wound penetrate a soft tissues, thus generating an increased risk of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (risk greater than if a dog bites). Hands are the most vulnerable areas of cat bites. Most patients with cat bites, which appear in the guard room, are female (adult or children). Usually the bites affect hands and arms in equal proportions of patients.
Bite wounds, but scratches and cat shows increased risk of infections caused by microorganisms contained in the saliva of that animal.
Most of the infections caused by cat bites are due to pathogen P. multocida, Gram-negative bacteria, the smallest, which normally colonize oropharyngeal house cats.
Generating bacteria infections occurring through cat bites, is generally mixed. A number of pathogens inoculated via cat bites are similar to those that cause infections if dog bites. Risk of infection increases considerably when the affected individual has a background that lead to pathology of the body’s depressing regarding the immune system.
Pasteurella species pathogen inoculation will lead to an outbreak inflammatory progressing rapidly (within a few hours), generating signs of severe inflammation (local pain, redness, swelling the area) and abundant purulent secretions. Pasteurella species spread pathogens from an animal carrier with aerosol drops can cause bacterium or pneumonia, human host.
Through the bite of cat, rabies or tetanus can be transmitted. Bartonella henselae bacteria inoculation will generate late appearance of "cat scratch” disease. Also, tularemia can occur after cat bites, being a symptom of cat scratch disease.
Symptoms Of Lymes Disease
Published on May 21 2010, in the categories: symptoms
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is transmitted by the tick bite. Symptoms of Lymes disease most shells encountered are fever, fatigue, headache and eritem. Because these symptoms are encountered in many other diseases, must be done before a differential examination to diagnose.Isodex scapularis, the deer tick or black is the vector tick infectious bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is responsible for Lyme illness. It normally lives in mice, squirrels and other small animals.
Tick hasthree developmental stages: larva, nymph and adult. When an infected tick feeds on blood of a sick animal, and ingests the bacteria it will live in the intestine. These ticks and the next meal will infect another animal or human. Most cases of infection occur in late spring or summer when the tiny tick nymphs are most active in the environment and human activities are frequent. The rest, live in the fur deer ticks, which do not get sick from Lyme disease. Treatment for symptoms of Lymes disease is with antibiotics.
-Causes:
The deer tick is the principal vector of Lyme disease but has not been demonstrated whether other ticks may or may not become vectors.
Other modes of disease transmission:
-People contacts;
-Transmission during pregnancy;
-Blood transfusions;
-Animals.
Interpersonal transmission: not yet proved that the disease could transmit and through kissing, touching, sex with an infected person.
Disease during pregnancy can lead to infection in the placenta and abortion have not yet registered negative effects on the fetus if the mother is treated properly with her pointed antibiotics .No disease transmission yet through breast feeding.
Although there were no recorded cases of infection by another blood transfusion, it was found infecting the bacteria survive in blood stored for donations. The patients can donate 12 months after the last dose of antibiotic treatment.
Pets can do Lyme disease but no evidence that they may become vectors for the human body, instead they bring ticks into the house and garden.
Disease is not transmitted through the squirrel or deer meat, but it should still cook to appropriate temperatures.
-Symptoms of Lyme disease
The first sign of infection is usually a circular called migratory erythema. It occurs in 70-80% of infected people and begins to tick sting area after a period of three to thirty of days. A distinguishing feature of redness is expanding gradually over several days; reaching up to 30 cm. Erythema may become normal colored center as it expands as compared with ox-eye. Can be hot and painful. Some people develop other flushes in different areas over several days.
Other symptoms of Lyme disease:
-Fatigue;
-Chills;
-Fever;
-Headache;
-Cramps;
-Lymphadenopathy.
In some cases, redness may be missing.
Left untreated, the infection spreads to other parts of the body in a few weeks, cause a variety of symptoms:
-Motor weakness of both sides of the face, Bell's Palsy;
-Serious headache and neck stiffness due to meningitis;
-Poseur-sore which causes insomnia;
-Throb and dizziness due to arrhythmia;
-Migration of joint-pain.
Most symptoms resolve even without treatment. After months of infection, 60% of patients will have intermittent arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, the knees were especially affected. Other 5 percent will develop neurological chronic pain states, tingling, decreased ability to concentrate and short-term memory. Most patients respond to treatment, if it's initiated early in disease, a small percentage will have symptoms after years: muscle pain, arthritis, tiredness, insomnia, cognitive disabilities.
Tick hasthree developmental stages: larva, nymph and adult. When an infected tick feeds on blood of a sick animal, and ingests the bacteria it will live in the intestine. These ticks and the next meal will infect another animal or human. Most cases of infection occur in late spring or summer when the tiny tick nymphs are most active in the environment and human activities are frequent. The rest, live in the fur deer ticks, which do not get sick from Lyme disease. Treatment for symptoms of Lymes disease is with antibiotics.
-Causes:
The deer tick is the principal vector of Lyme disease but has not been demonstrated whether other ticks may or may not become vectors.
Other modes of disease transmission:
-People contacts;
-Transmission during pregnancy;
-Blood transfusions;
-Animals.
Interpersonal transmission: not yet proved that the disease could transmit and through kissing, touching, sex with an infected person.
Disease during pregnancy can lead to infection in the placenta and abortion have not yet registered negative effects on the fetus if the mother is treated properly with her pointed antibiotics .No disease transmission yet through breast feeding.
Although there were no recorded cases of infection by another blood transfusion, it was found infecting the bacteria survive in blood stored for donations. The patients can donate 12 months after the last dose of antibiotic treatment.
Pets can do Lyme disease but no evidence that they may become vectors for the human body, instead they bring ticks into the house and garden.
Disease is not transmitted through the squirrel or deer meat, but it should still cook to appropriate temperatures.
-Symptoms of Lyme disease
The first sign of infection is usually a circular called migratory erythema. It occurs in 70-80% of infected people and begins to tick sting area after a period of three to thirty of days. A distinguishing feature of redness is expanding gradually over several days; reaching up to 30 cm. Erythema may become normal colored center as it expands as compared with ox-eye. Can be hot and painful. Some people develop other flushes in different areas over several days.
Other symptoms of Lyme disease:
-Fatigue;
-Chills;
-Fever;
-Headache;
-Cramps;
-Lymphadenopathy.
In some cases, redness may be missing.
Left untreated, the infection spreads to other parts of the body in a few weeks, cause a variety of symptoms:
-Motor weakness of both sides of the face, Bell's Palsy;
-Serious headache and neck stiffness due to meningitis;
-Poseur-sore which causes insomnia;
-Throb and dizziness due to arrhythmia;
-Migration of joint-pain.
Most symptoms resolve even without treatment. After months of infection, 60% of patients will have intermittent arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, the knees were especially affected. Other 5 percent will develop neurological chronic pain states, tingling, decreased ability to concentrate and short-term memory. Most patients respond to treatment, if it's initiated early in disease, a small percentage will have symptoms after years: muscle pain, arthritis, tiredness, insomnia, cognitive disabilities.
Symptoms Of Lymes Disease
Published on May 21 2010, in the categories: symptoms
To prevent Lyme disease, if possible avoid contact with soil, leaves and vegetation, especially in May, June and July when ticks are not yet mature and are hardly noticed.
When you’re going for an outdoor adventure, follow the advice from the following lines:
• Wear shoes or dark boots, long sleeve shirts and long pants. Put your pants into boots to prevent ticks you get on your feet.
• Wear light colored clothes to see ticks easily.
• If you have long hair, keep it tight and covered with a cap or a scarf to protect it even more
• When you are outdoors, do not sit on the ground.
• When you are outdoors often look at your child and you do not have ticks.
• Wash all clothes after leaving the areas infested with ticks, bathe and shampoo your child's hair carefully to remove any ticks that have not seen.
• Insecticides that contain DEET (read the instructions to see if they are N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamida) can help in destroying ticks. Choose an insecticide DEET concentration between 10% and 30 for preventing symptoms of Lymes disease. Generally, DEET should not be applied more often than once a day and is not recommended for babies under two months. DEET be used on exposed skin, and clothes, socks and shoes, but not applied on the face, under clothes, or hands of small children.
Ticks can pick any area of the body, but rather some areas as:
• The area behind the ears;
• The back of the neck;
• the underarm area;
• Groins area;
• The area behind the knee.
If you find a tick on the child, tell the doctor, who can ask to keep the tick after a note from the child's body (one can put a jar of alcohol to kill it). Use tweezers to grab the tick close to the head or mouth, skin around the child. Pull firmly and steadily until tick off, and then wipe with alcohol the sting place.
Myths about ways to be killed ticks (using gas or a lit match), are abundant, but it is better not to try them - these methods do not work.
You can avoid penetration of ticks in your home and keeping the lawn cut and clipped lawns, cleaning the bushes, dry leaves and grass, storing firewood away from the ground. In addition, you can use a professional spray containing insecticide in the garden in May and September to prevent ticks multiplication.
-When you go to the doctor
If the child is a target-shaped rash or other symptoms of Lymes disease - swollen lymph nodes near the site of tick sting, body aches, headache or fever - go to the doctor immediately.
RECENT COMMENTS