Hair loss can be considered abnormal if the hair falls in large quantities and it does not grow back at a normal rate. In each case, when we notice exaggerated hair loss, we intervene with adequate treatment to stimulate the hair follicle, also helping the circulation of the blood.



Sometimes there is a connection between weak hair and nails and disease symptoms. However, weak hair and nails and disease symptoms are, on other occasions, just signs of stress or a poor hygiene. It all depends on the case.



Treatment becomes truly efficient if it is effective in two directions: - if it stops hair loss; - if it stimulates the normal growth of hair again. If we lose more than 40-60 strands of hair per day, we can speak of hair loss, alopecia. Hair loss may occur in spots and on a wide area, namely in a diffuse fashion. Both instances can lead to irreversible baldness if the hair growth base dies. However, if the hair growth base does not die, and only the division of matrix cells within it stops for a while, then the baldness is only temporary.

The purpose of the treatment for temporary hair loss is the stimulation of the division of matrix cells that regenerate the strands of hair, and the intensification of the keratin deposits and of the scalp’s metabolism.

Characteristics of androgenetic alopecia

The confusion of hormonal receptors and the loss of hair can be noticed on the top of the head. The scalp becomes thin, atrophied and shiny. There can be dilations of the hair strand arteries, but the orifice through which the hair strand exits the skin is not visible. The formation of this disease starts at a young age. The purpose of therapy is the delay baldness using adequate treatment.

Characteristics of alopecia seborrhoea

The domination of male hormones stimulates extreme production by sebum glands, which leads to the formation of seborrhoea. Seborrhoea the intense change of hair, unpleasant itchiness of the scalp, and also the hair becomes very oily very fast. Hair loss begins at the temples and at the top of the head. The strand of hair in this cases becomes thin, loses its shine and lacks nutrition.



Other causes for hair loss include: thyroidal problems, as well as problems with the kidneys and female hormones, long term fever, the consumption of anti-coagulants, weight loss medication, diet (poor nutrition, unilateral nutrition), bad blood circulation, low blood pressure, birth control pills, lack or overdose of vitamins, losing hair at an old age. Hair loss caused by stress. The life cycle of the hair is shortened, many strands of hair suddenly enter the telogen phase. It can be caused by: physical or mental fatigue, news of death, accidents, fear of hair loss in itself. Losing hair in patches. In this case, the hair falls in large quantities, but only in certain areas. Causes include: psychological reasons, local infections, inflammations, hormonal problems.

The middle ages were characterized by rare population, isolated regions and cities in decay. Between X-XIV, the European continent was characterized by economic and demographic expansion. There were new techniques in agriculture and commerce, the cities started to bloom and the population was growing. But these progresses were linear, because of the natural calamities, epidemics and wars that postponed the evolution.



In the middle ages, the drinking water was very dirty and filled with disease, like leprosy, and this is why people were only drinking wine and other alcoholic drinks. People were not very interested in taking baths, but those who had the money were using public baths. The rich people had private baths and those who could not afford to use a toilet, used pots and spilled them on the streets.



Two of the most common diseases of the middle ages were leprosy and the Black Death.Leprosy was a very serious infectious disease. The agent that caused leprosy was known as Mycobacterium leprae. Today, leprosy can be treated with a combination of drugs, but at the time, there was no cure for this disease. The origin of leprosy is East Africa. From there, the disease spread to Europe, Asia and India.

The Black Death was spotted for the first time in Central Asia, in 1330. It then spread to Eastern China and India, reaching the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. In 1351, the first assault of the Black Death ended. The medieval historian, Froissart, estimated that a third of the global population had died because of the Black Death. The Black Death reappeared in 1361, in 1391 and then rarely in different parts of the globe.

The disease symptoms of the middle ages were sweat, chills, inflammations of the skin filled with pus- which at first were pink, then red and in the end turned black, rash, nodular inflammations, hair loss, tissue discomposure, read and brown spots on the skin. These disease symptoms of the Middle Ages lead to secondary infections that caused death.

The first important step in fighting with leprosy has been made in 1873 by Doctor Gerhard Armauer Hansen, when he discovered the agent that caused this disease. After four years of research (1884-1888) by German Doctor Eduard Arning (1855-1963), it was proven that leprosy can be transmitted. For 20 years there was no cure for this disease. When Gerhard Domagk discovered sulphonamides, he introduced the sulphonamides therapy. The Archie Cochrane sulphonamides therapy is a very important step in treating this disease.



The results of the treatment are influenced by the immune state of the patient, the type and evolution of the disease and the treatment lasts depending on the diagnostic. The treatment can last for a month or even for several years. The medication consists of a combination of antibiotics from year 1962. Dapson recommends a Clofazim treatment, followed by other medication discovered in year 1971, which were proven to help in the case of leprosy.Until now no one was able to cultivate the leprosy bacteria in vitro, but in 1960 scientists managed to replace the leprosy bacteria in animals that do not get ill because of their low body temperature. Since 1971, these animals are used in the purpose of producing the anti leprosy vaccine.

Newcastle disease is a very contagious disease caused by a virus of the Paramixo family. Most of the yard birds, like chickens, turkeys, ducks, guinea fowls, pheasants, quails or ostriches can be infected with Newcastle disease, especially because of precarious hygiene conditions and because farmers usually do not try to prevent this disease in any way. Newcastle disease is different from the common bird flu, even if they are clinically similar.



Bird flu is caused by a different virus. The greatest risk of spreading this disease is represented by migratory birds which carry the Newcastle virus.

Way of transmission: -The virus is present in the expired air, secretions or feces of  Newcastle infected birds; -Water, food or contaminated human clothing; -For humans, the transmission of Newcastle disease does not represent any danger- if you interact with Newcastle infected birds, you will most likely have fever for a couple of days, conjunctivitis or a light flu;



Clinical diagnosis of Newcastle disease (Newcastle’s disease symptoms): -Difficulty in breathing, coughing; -Fallen wings, hard walking, complete paralysis; -Birds no longer lay eggs; -Watery or green diarrhea; -Inflammation of the area around the eyes and neck; -If birds get ill or die, this depends on the aggressiveness of the Newcastle virus, the degree of immunity offered by the vaccine or the environmental conditions;

Prevention and control: -Vaccination in time of birds and correct administration of medication; -The area in which the birds are breed should offer impeccable hygiene conditions; -Interdiction of moving or transporting Newcastle infected birds, as well as interdiction of dumping waste coming from infected birds; -New persons will not be brought around the area where Newcastle infected birds are kept (farms, barns, stables, etc.), and the area needs to be disinfected! -Only after a month since the area has been disinfected it can be repopulated; -Newcastle infected birds are sacrificed and their eggs are destroyed; -Contact a vet!

The Newcastle disease was first referred to in 1927 in Indonesia and in Europe, in Newcastle locality. The vaccination of Newcastle infected birds is mandatory and subsidized by the state. Other Newcastle’s disease symptoms are malaise (general feelings of discomfort or being ill-at-ease), fatigue, depression, conjunctivitis, flu-like symptoms, dry cough, aches, and loss of appetite, fever, shivering and chills.



There is no treatment or vaccine for Newcastle’s disease. But injections with hyper- immune serums have been used to protect the exposed birds before they became symptomatic. After birds show signs of Newcastle’s disease, the hyper-immune serums are ineffective and the birds should be sacrificed. The prognosis for the Newcastle disease is poor, with almost 100 percent mortality rate, once the birds are infected. All of us can play a role in helping to eliminate this deadly disease, if we just follow the advice above. Any poultry or pet bird owners or vets who suspect a bird may have the Newcastle Disease, should immediately contact State or Federal animal health authorities. There should be also reported any suspicions regarding suppliers.

Thyroid diseases are very widespread, especially among women. Here we offer you some advice on thyroid disease and sign symptoms plus diagnosis, meant to help you discover any malfunctions in the thyroid gland.



The thyroid is a small gland, with a shape similar to that of a butterfly, found in the throat. If it is not swollen, the thyroid is usually not felt to the touch. Its role is to produce the hormones that influence the entire body. This is why, if the thyroid is not functioning well, the effects are important and felt throughout the entire body.



Ignored or untreated thyroid diseases, aside from putting the body in a bad place, have very serious consequences: heart disease, infertility, osteoporosis, etc. In severe cases, the effects may include coma and death. This is why it is important to know the thyroid disease and sign symptoms plus diagnosis. In children, the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are very important for growth. If the gland is in hypofunction, the child will not develop mentally and physically.

The percentages show that women are five times more exposed to thyroid diseases than men, and people who have a family history of thyroid disease are much more predisposed to this illness than those who are hereditary “clean”.  The odds of developing hyperthyroidism grow with age.

During pregnancy, many women are in danger of falling ill. In this period, vigilance needs to be increased because thyroid dysfunction affects the development of the fetus. After birth, a very high percentage, between 5 and 16% of women are diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. The illness is detected with difficulty because one of the symptoms is the loss of weight, which is one of the goals for women after child birth.

You can suspect hypothyroidism if you see one of these symptoms: unjustified gain in weight, fatigue, constipation, thin and wiry hair, mood swings, dry and rough skin. Hyperthyroidism can be suspected when you see: unjustified decreases in weight, intolerance to heat, abundant sweating, tremors, increased thyroid that can be sensed to the touch, agitation, muscle weakness, sleeping disorders, fast digestive transit.

If you wish to test the functioning of this gland that is essential for health, you need to speak with your endocrinologist. The lack of iodine and daily discomfort, faulty eating, not knowing the signs of illness and the absence of a medical checkup favor the occurrence of thyroid gland problems. A diseased thyroid also affects the pulse, arterial blood pressure, the level of energy and cholesterol, the muscle tone, eyesight as well as the mental state.



An iodine deficit is usually manifested in humans through an increase in the volume of the thyroid gland, as well as through an increase in the number of miscarriages in women. This deficit is also one of the main reasons for increased mortality among children. The most frequent affliction of the thyroid is the Graves-Basedow disease, a hereditary affliction, like most of the thyroid diseases, triggered by the stress felt from strong emotions. The disease consists of the fact that our own defense systems start attacking the thyroid.

It is pretty difficult for experts to determined the degree of risk you take on by practicing oral sex, since most couple never limit themselves to this practice alone. Whether you practice oral sex or not, you need to know the risks very well. There are oral sex disease symptoms you can gain from the practice of oral sex alone, but there is no such thing as an oral sex disease, so oral sex disease symptoms are usually the symptoms of regular sexually transmitted diseases.



Sexually transmitted diseases that can be transmitted through oral sex include: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, HIV, HPV, syphilis, fungal vaginal infections, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU).



Chlamydia and oral sex - Oral sex is not considered the main cause for Chlamydia infection, but experts do not rule out catching this disease through oral sex. If the vagina, cervix, anus, penis or mouth come into contact with secretions or fluids that have already been infected, the transmission of the disease is possible.

Gonorrhea and oral sex - Gonorrheal infection can be passed on through oral sex (no matter if you are giving or receiving oral sex). There is no need for ejaculation for the gonorrhea to be passed on. The bacteria responsible for this disease survives very well in the throat, and gonorrhea infections in the throat contracted through oral sex are pretty often.

Genital herpes and oral sex - Genital herpes is taken through any type of sexual contact or when touching infected surfaces. Therefore, the risks involved in oral sex with someone infected are very high.

HIV and oral sex - Even though the risk of infection through oral sex is pretty low, there are several cases known where the infection was passed through contact with the semen, vaginal secretions or blood. The HIV virus is not transmitted through saliva.

HPV and oral sex - The human papilloma virus is taken pretty rarely through oral sex, but there are such cases. Some 30 of the 100 types of HPV are transmitted sexually. Other sources of infection are the touch of an infected area or touching, say, the water in a pool.

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and oral sex - Oral sex is a risk factor that could trigger non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). This infection is almost always brought by the Chlamydia microbe.

Syphilis and oral sex - Oral sex is considered an efficient method of transmitting syphilis. Infection with syphilis is achieved through vaginal, anal and oral sex.



Fungal vaginal infections and oral sex - There is evidence pointing to the fact that women facing recurrent fungal infections have taken these infections through oral sex. Oral sex with someone infected can cause an infection in the throat. Therefore, if you perform oral sex on someone who has a fungal infection, your vagina will be safe, because the fungus will be destroyed by your digestive system. What precautions can be taken? - The use of barrier methods – oral condoms – is best suited for the practice of safe oral sex. Also, some experts recommend not brushing your teeth before you perform oral sex, because the minor lesions that can occur during brushing increase the risk of transmission of infected fluids.

Feline urinary tract disease (FLUTD) was initially called “feline urologic syndrome” (FUS) or urolitiasis. feline urinary tract disease affects the bladder and sometimes the urethra. The term feline urinary tract disease is very vast and refers to several deficiencies of the feline urinary tract, so if you want to know about feline urinary tract disease or infection symptoms you should start reading.



What are feline urinary tract disease or infection symptoms? FELINE URINARY TRACT DISEASE is a serious condition and if it goes untreated it could result in the death of the cat. The feline urinary tract disease or infection symptoms are as follows: -Going to the litter box often (some owners may confuse this sign with the signs of constipation) but without urinating or urinating in small quantities; -Urinating frequently or never; -Presenting pain during urination (meowing in a woeful tone); -Urinating outside the litter box; -Frequently licking the genital area; -Vomiting; -Showing signs of a depressive state.

In some cats affected by FELINE urinary tract disease there are crystals in the urine. In the males, these crystals can block the urethra and the cat might no longer be able to urinate even though the bladder is full. Sometimes there can be one single crystal formed that blocks the urethra. For such cases there is the term of urethral blockage.

What are the causes for feline urinary tract disease?- The factors that contribute to the occurrence of this disease are: bacterial or viral infections, trauma, crystals in urine, bladder stones, tumors in the urinary tract and congenital anomalies. In most cases, the main cause remains unknown. Other factors that cause feline urinary tract disease may include an insufficient amount of water drunk, a diet with a high content of magnesium and other minerals, acidity that is too high or alkalinity of the urine, stress.

How is feline urinary tract disease diagnosed? - The veterinarian performs a physical examination. Here, the doctor could notice either a small and restricted bladder or a large and expanded bladder. The veterinarian will press on the bladder (the action is called “bladder outlining”) to see if the cat can urinate or the urethra is blocked. This action also allows feeling if there are any bladder stones present.

If the cat is able to urinate, the urine is collected in a clean special container. If the cat has a blockage, a urine sample is collected by a procedure called “cystocentesis”, where an abdominal puncture is performed. The procedure is not painful, and in most cases the cat will feel better because the procedure allows easing the pressure in the bladder.



The veterinarian will then perform an examination of the urine, which will show if there are any crystals, bacteria, blood or white cells in the composition; then the specialist will determine pH levels and the concentration of the urine (called “specific gravitation”). There can also be some X-rays performed to highlight any stones, tumors or congenital anomalies there may be. To highlight anomalies, there are colored substances introduced in the bladder. There can also be a blood test performed, because cats with blockage could show many problems associated with the “stagnation” of urine in the body. These problems require additional therapy.

Mixed colagenosis is a systemic autoimmune disease whose etiology is still unclear. It is characterized through the immune response to the constituents of the cellular nucleus-ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and clinical elements of other colagenoses: systemic erythematous lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid polyarthritis, dermatomyositis / polymyositis. The main manifestations of mixed colagenosis (Raynaud phenomena, tumefaction of the hands, “sausage” fingers, sclerodactyly, synovitis) are associated with one or more visceral afflictions, sometimes severe ones (pulmonary arterial hypertension), with consequences on the life expectancy.



The purpose of this article is the review the mixed connective tissue disease neurological symptoms. This requires a review of the clinical, serologic and genetic particularities of this disease. Several decades ago, doctors have noticed that patients with mixed connective tissue disease presented signs of lupus, scleroderma, myositis, etc. These diseases are called overlap syndromes. In Sharp and others discovered that there is a type of overlap syndrome with manifestations of lupus, scleroderma, myositis and rheumatoid poly-arthritis, as well as high number of antibodies compared to a specific antigen, called U1RNP.



The mixed connective tissue disease is a rare affliction. In most cases, the condition starts between the ages of 20 and 50 and 8-9 out of 10 patients are women. The disease is not hereditary. There can be some genetic susceptibility: the same genetic susceptibility is noted in cases of lupus, rheumatoid polyarthritis or the Sjögren syndrome, which are described in association. The external factors too can play a role. Some cases of mixed connective tissue diseases were described after patients were professionally exposed to polyvinylchloride.

Colagenoses (diseases of the connective tissue) include a number of syndromes, whose etiopathogeny is not fully known, and the main trait is the autoimmune affliction of one or more organs. The clinical panel is often complex and diagnosis difficult. Manifestations depend on the affected organs, the degree of inflammation and the evolution of the disease. Generally, the prognosis is favorable, if the disease is treated adequately. Life expectancy is similar to that of lupus cases.

The evaluation of diagnosis criteria has allowed the clinician to identify them with more certain, depending on the clinical and biological traits. Thus, the diagnosis is established based on clinical and biological manifestations; still, 25% of clinical and biological signs are too frust to be associated with one disease or another. These are regrouped under the name of undifferentiated connective tissue diseases-UCTD; sometimes early undifferentiated connective tissue diseases-EUCTD). In the early stages of connective tissue disease and especially in the debut of an overlap syndrome or mixed connective tissue disease, the manifestations can be limited and unusual.



The mixed colagenosis diagnose is based on the clinical symptoms of the organ damaged and on the presence of anti-U1RNP antibodies in high counts. If the suspicion is of mixed connective tissue disease, procedure involves functional pulmonary testing, cardiologic control, renal examination, etc. In case of muscular or neurological afflictions, specialists recommend an electromyography. Mixed connective tissue disease neurological symptoms include trigeminal neuropathy, headaches, aseptic meningitis, convulsions, transverse myelitis, peripheral polyneuropathy, retinal vasculitis and “horse’s tail” syndrome or cauda-conus syndrome.

Liver cirrhosis are chronic afflictions with progressive evolution, morphologically characterized through the disorganization of the liver architecture due to the metaplasia of connective tissue – which form sclerosis bands that surround or fragment the lobules – determined by hepatocytary destruction and nodular regeneration; biologically through the severe alteration of mesenchymal activation syndromes, by portal hypertension and by hepatocytary insufficiency and through the possible exacerbation of the excretobiliary syndrome and of hepatocyolisis; clinically, through advanced stages of liver insufficiency, accompanied by the signs of portal hypertension.



Chronic liver disease – advanced symptoms
The debut of the illness can be asymptomatic or non-characteristic. The first signs are fatigue, anxiety, insomnia or bile dyspepsia (loss of appetite, sickness, bloating, intolerance to alcohol, dyscholia), as well as hemorrhaging. Sometimes, the illness evolves for long periods of time without any signs, and the first manifestation could be some upper digestive hemorrhaging, or the diagnosis is reached during surgical intervention. In this initial period, aside from the aforementioned phenomena, there are also signs in the mucous membranes and in the teguments, liver and spleen modifications, endocrine and nervous modifications, ascitis, edemas, hydrothorax, as well as cardiovascular, renal and hematologic disorders.



Jaundice occurs episodically in some cases of cirrhosis, as a sign of crash by hepatocytary necrosis, while in other cases – such as bile cirrhosis – jaundice occurs permanently. The liver has an increased volume in 80% of cases, it has increased consistency, it may even become hard to the touch, with sharp edges, with a regulated or finely granulated surface, and on rare occasions with macronodules. Even in atrophic cases the liver is big in the beginning and later it shrinks to the point where it disappears under the ribs.

Portal hypertension is seen in the beginning through meteorism ("the wind before the rain") and through the occurrence of collateral circulation within and without (esophageal varix). Ascitis occurs often as a sign accompanying the disease, and can be seen in any form of cirrhosis. Edemas occur in more advanced stages, usually accompanying ascitis. They are white, soft, and when they are not influenced by treatment they constitute a somber element for diagnosis. Right hydrothorax can be encountered in 3 - 4% of cirrhosis cases.

Endocrine modifications are always present. In cirrhosis cases there is a pretty early gonadic insufficiency: decreased libido, sexual impotence, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, amenorrhea, infertility. Nervous disorders are encountered throughout the evolution of the cirrhosis, sometimes even as a debut phenomenon.



Throughout the development of the condition, these disorders can return or gain greater intensity; on many occasions, the presence of drowsiness, excessive asthenia or states of restlessness and insomnia can be warning signs for the hepatic drama that is about to ensue. Cardiovascular disorders: the hypervolemia from cirrhosis can lead to the opening of arterial-venous anastomoses, causing little vascular stars and erythrosis. The same arterial and venous circuits, added with ventilation disorders and secondary pulmonary hypertension, are responsible for the in-statement of cyanosis. Renal disorder is one of the chronic liver disease – advanced symptoms where diuresis drops. Renal insufficiency is encountered in some 11% of cases.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term used for the infection and inflammation of the organs in the female upper genital tract (uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries). PID is usually the result of a bacterial infection in the vagina and the uterine col, which spreads to the internal genital organs. In most cases, infections that cause PID are sexually transmitted.



There are little to notice as pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms in men so in these cases the condition is detected with a bit of difficulty. However, the best way to detect pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms in men is to check their women partners. It is estimated that 1.7% of women are suffering from PID. The condition is definitely under-diagnosed, because most women are not aware that the illness is there either because there are no symptoms or because they do not know the cause of these symptoms.

PID can include infection and inflammation of the uterine tubes, of the uterine mucous, of the ovaries, of one uterine tube and the ovary on the same side. Countless women with PID do not show signs and symptoms, which is why they are not undergoing treatment. Thus, PID is detected later, when the woman has difficulty getting pregnant or when she is suffering from chronic pelvic pain. The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease consist of pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis, abundant vaginal secretion with an unpleasant odor, pain during sexual intercourse, lumbar pain, fever, fatigue, diarrhea or throwing up, painful or difficult urination.

The first signs consist of irritation and abnormal vaginal secretions, occurring 2-5 days after infection in cases of gonorrhea and in 7-21 days for Chlamydia. Countless women present vaginal secretions that are not due to sexually transmitted diseases. But if there are changes in the aspect of the secretion (if it gains a foul smell or is accompanied by itchiness), especially after several days since sexual intercourse, then there can be causes to suspect a sexually transmitted diseases.

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be caused by several types of bacteria, but in most of the cases these are the bacteria responsible for the transmission of two sexually transmitted diseases: gonorrhea and Chlamydia. The bacteria causing Chlamydia is responsible for 50% of PID cases. The bacteria causing gonorrhea is responsible for 14% of cases. Some 8% of women with PID are infected with both types of bacteria. Some contraceptive methods can increase the risk of PID.



However, other contraceptive measures, such as the condom or the diaphragm, can reduce the risk of PID. The use of oral contraceptives alone does not offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases. However, it does offer some indirect protection against the occurrence of PID through the fact that it causes thicker cervical mucus, so that bacteria cannot easily reach the upper genital tract. On rare occasions, the cause of the infection leading to PID is not identified – it is believed that in these cases, harmless bacteria, usually present in the vagina and uterine col, are responsible for this disease.

Throughout this article I will mention some of the symptoms of microvascular disease. However, since it is difficult to pin a certain symptom to a certain disease, especially since there are many microvascular diseases, you will have to read between the lines a bit. So pay attention and keep your eyes open for symptoms of microvascular disease.



The past 20 years, scientists showed that dislipidemy, arterial high tension, and in some cases of diabetes, the high quantity of sugar in blood or hyperglycemia are the most important factors and the easiest ones to control in cardiovascular diseases. Cholesterol is responsible for 54% of the heart attacks of the population. Reducing the level of cholesterol is an important objective in treating cardiovascular diseases.



For patients with type 2 sugar diabetes, the therapy centered on combining the medication with a change in one’s lifestyle does not stop the progress of micro vascular diseases, which indicates that extra interventions are still required for reducing the appearance of heart diseases, beyond decreasing the level of LDL cholesterol.

Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3) is a unique worldwide project, started by well known experts, which recognize the importance of lethal or non lethal risks induces by macro or micro complications for patients with dislipidemy or arteriosclerosis. The R3 initiative was officially launched during a press conference which took place at the AHA 2008 Annual Scientific Sessions in New Orleans. At the conference, an appeal was made for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases connected to cholesterol excess, risks which are not included yet in the treatment standards, but which are present for millions of patients with heart diseases and diabetes.

In June 2009, 158 important leaders joined the R3 initiative for creating the National Coordination Commission in their own countries. During the first year, R3 managed to initiate the process of establishing several national organizations in more than 40 countries worldwide.

The information presented in 2009 at the European Cardiology Congress will help doctors understand better the risks of macro or micro cardiovascular diseases for patients with arthrosclerosis or type 2 sugar diabetes, who receive medical care after the present standards. The new information offers new leads for identifying new intervention objectives. Both studies have been coordinated by the Clanning Laboratory, Brigham Women’s and the Harvard Medical School. It is possible that these studies show more leads in the role of lipids or HDL cholesterol in preventing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.



In less than a year since R3 initiative was launched, these epidemiologic studies will help establishing the proportions and the impact of cardiovascular diseases risks, while data from other important studies, like ACCORD-LIPIDS, AIM HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE, - which are still in progress, will reveal a combination of treatments based on modifying all the three lipid parameters- LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides-which might help identifying several answers for these questions. The first study, which is still in progress- the ACCORD Lipids study that tests the benefits on macro and micro vascular medication based on agents that stop the cholesterol secretion, will present its first results during a scientific congress in 2010.